How to understand that TCP at the transport layer is byte-oriented and UDP is message-oriented? The two are defined by whether they will be segmented (mss)?

TCP transmission information always misses, and then how to deal with the missing information in the next transmission?

Recently, I suddenly remembered that the state of last_ack seemed to be used. The party who actively cut off the connection intentionally did not send the last ack, would it run out of server resources?

Since the IP protocol can also perform connectionless and unreliable transmission of data, why do you need the UDP protocol?

I don't know from which day, the three words of cloud computing will slowly enter people's field of vision. At first, it was only proposed as a concept. I remember that in 2013, thousands of people from Cisco R & D Center attended a keynote speech on cloud computing. 

When I studied computer network, I found that what the book says is completely different from reality. I was puzzled for a long time before I discovered that the original hub, the csmacd protocol, which are all old antique technology, are basically not used now.

For students who have studied the TCP / IP protocol, this is not a problem, the IP protocol. For the public, more explanation is needed.

Why is it faster (multi-threaded) to download a large file from the Internet? I checked online and said that "it is because of io blockage, because the network speed must be faster than cpu, single-threaded single-io channel, and multi-threaded multi-io channel". 

The new Cisco EI CCIE enterprise infrastructure has been released, and RS routing exchange has officially withdrawn from the arena of history. Whether the new EI CCIE and RS are the same has become a concern for network workers.