MPLS provides an OAM (Operation, Administration and Maintenance) mechanism that does not depend on any three-layer or two-layer protocol at all. OAM is abbreviated as operation management and maintenance.

Traditional application security protection mechanisms are passive. To detect malicious attacks on applications in time, you must first understand the characteristics of the attack methods. For example, antivirus software has a "virus signature database" that uses signature codes to scan and Virus code found.

Enterprises will use IPv6 for many of their Internet connections, which means that CASB should also support the protocol in order to implement policies for all customer traffic. The following is how the main CASB stacks.

Portforwarding: Sometimes called a tunnel, it is a method used by SSH for network secure communication. There is no way to establish and run a network server or FTP server on the internal network to allow users on the external network

802.1x is mainly based on Client/Server access control and authentication protocol. It is mainly used to restrict unauthorized users from accessing the LAN/WLAN network through the access interface.

Port mirroring is to copy the packets of the specified port (source port), VLAN (source VLAN) or CPU (source CPU) to other ports (destination ports). The destination port will be connected to the data monitoring device, and the user will use these data to monitor The device analyzes the packets copied to the destination port for network monitoring and troubleshooting.

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) is a switched network used for global voice communications. This network has approximately 800 million users and is the largest telecommunications network in the world today.

The voice VLAN function allows the access port to transmit voice data streams from IP phones. When a Cisco IP phone is connected to a switch, it will specify the Layer 3 IP priority and Layer 2 Class of Service (CoS) values in the voice data stream sent;

SIP sessions use up to four main components: SIP user agent, SIP registration server, SIP proxy server, and SIP redirect server.